LEARNING THROUGH WORK- Compare and contrast Essay

LEARNING THROUGH WORK- Compare and contrast - Essay Example Given the benefits of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in saving lives of people suffering from heart attacks, it has been introduced in different nations. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation was introduced in the autumn of 1983 (Parekh 2005, 20). This essay compares and contrasts nursing roles in the Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for Adult in two countries, Saudi Arabia and Scotland CPR is most effective on as quickly as possible delivery and often should be the last alternative after a patient has not positively responded to all the other first aid measures. Furthermore, the patient should be unconscious, unresponsive, not breathing and not moving. Performing CPR varies from adults, children and infants. These steps guided by drawn rules updated in 2010 to ease the application of these steps. These guidelines are just there to guide the trained officers and further training is required in their application (Tang 2012, 64). In this article however, I emphasize on the role of a nurse in all the steps of administration of CPR. Furthermore, I will make comparison of these roles in two countries believed to offer the CPR method of life (Gordon 1967, 12). Other important factors that might relate to the subject too are aboard. Nurses beat all odds in their professions in preserving life. In CPR administration, there are teams formed to facilitate the easy administration of this process. One of the teams is the Nursing Roles. In the nursing roles, nurses break up responsibilities from head to Nursing Team Leader (habitually senior ward nurse) identifies self as Nursing Team Leader, accountable for co-coordinating and directing evolving nursing care of the patient (Field 209, 95). The leader checks suitable emergency call has been placed and starts regulator as soon as the Emergency trolley rolls in. he delegates accessible staff to roles apposite to their echelon of practice:

Organizing Function of Management Essay Example for Free

Organizing Function of Management Essay The purpose of this paper will be to evaluate the organizing function of management. The organizing function of management develops internal organizational structure. A key role of the organizing function is to address how people interact in various business environments. Management uses organizing activities to allocate resources, define responsibility, establish expectations, and group employees. â€Å"At high-tech firms such as Google that rely on employee skills, knowledge, and creativity to remain competitive, the importance of people is evident as well† (Bate Snell, 1, 2009). Human Resources Management at Google Human resources management is a formal system used to manage people in a business environment (Bate Snell, 2009). Human capital is a source of competitive advantage that is irreplaceable. According to Bate Snell, â€Å"human resource planning occurs in three stages: planning, programming, and evaluating† (2009). Perfecting the art of human resources management can provide strategic value to organizational performance. The Google Company has secured its place as one of the world’s leading employers. Goggles strategy for effective human resources management is providing employees with unparalleled benefits, perks, and opportunities. Lazlo Bock, Google’s vice president of people operations states freedom, curiosity and highly trained employees has forged Google’s success (HR Focus, 2008). Planning requires Google to forecast future job trends based market fluctuations and company growth. In 2005, Google was hiring about â€Å"10 people a day, adding to a workforce of more than 5,000† (Lohr, 2005). Currently, Google employs approximately 20, 000 people with various backgrounds and skills. Closely monitoring economic trends and labor supply forecast allows the company to manage all available resources. The following rules of engagement with employees, outline by Lazlo Bock, have contributed to Goggles effective human resources management. * Hire learners. They are inquisitive, and when they fail, they will ask how they can do better. * Give people the tools and resources to succeed; then let them. * Work on small projects in small teams. * Keep structures flat. Especially as the company gets big, information needs to flow up. * Discuss everything you can publicly. * Give performance-driven raises. This is helpful in controlling turnover and enhancing retention. * Reward success, dont penalize failure. If you dont fail, youre not doing your job well. Quarterly goals are set and performance evaluations are based on these; the company aims for a 70% success rate. Technology at Google Google was founded on the principle of â€Å"organizing the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful† (Google, 2009). The company original began as a search engine provider. The company quickly expanded products and services to include software, e-mail service, advertising platforms, desktop products, mobile devices, and mapping tools. Google’s list of services and products are too extensive and increasingly expanding. Google’s success can be attribute to the company’s’ expansion of technological services. Google recent advancement has been the development of a new operating system, Chrome, designed to rival its biggest competitors. â€Å"Unlike Windows, Chrome OS is an open-source project like the Linux operating system thats popular with techies, which means outside software developers are welcome to work on it† (Graham, 7, 2009). The release of Chrome OS as a free open source operating system creates competition with Microsoft’s Windows. Google Assets Google’s ability to control the search engine markets has allowed the company to prosper from advertising campaigns. According to Schonfeld, â€Å"of the 137 billion estimated total searches performed in the U.S. last year, 85 billion were done on Google; nearly 90 percent of all the growth in search volume was also captured by Google (2008). Googles profits should spike as the country climbs out of recession â€Å"because the company has weeded out a lot of frivolous expenses during the recession† (Liedtke Girard, 2009). Google went public at $85 dollars a share 2004; current estimates place Google shares at $430 a share (Liedtke Girard, 2009). The statistics indicated that Google has effectively organized companies assets during difficult economic time. Conclusion  Human resources management and technology play a crucial in business success. Google has perfected work environments that keep employees happy and provides the necessary resources to remain competitive as a company. â€Å"David MacDonald, who joined Google as an account manager in October 2001, says, It wasnt groundbreaking search engines had been around for years but it had a different approach and was all about the people (Smith, 6, 2008). Google remains one of the world’s leading companies engrossed in the technological revolution. Much of the organizations success arises from Google’s ability to venture into multiple applications. Google refuses to rely on the company’s search engine capabilities to sustain growth. The ability to adapt to economic demands and competition has facilitated Google’s organizational structure.

Climate Change Impacts On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Impacts On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay Scientific records and projections prove the elevated risk of vulnerable freshwater resources being harshly impacted by climate change, with considerable resulting effects, especially for Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) like Mauritius. Adaptation measures to respond to those climatic impacts on water would require an integrated water resources management which includes obtaining the perception of the societys understanding of the issue. This paper aims at analysing the perception of a category of the Mauritian society, namely the working personnel, with regard to awareness as well as understanding of climate change and its impacts on water resources. The results of the study show that the educational level of respondents has an impact on both their awareness and understanding of climate change and the negative effects it has on our water resources. Those findings can be of help to policy-makers engaged in the effective selection and implementation of realistic and targeted wat er-related adaptation measures all throughout the island. Keywords: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, Water Resources, Small Islands Developing States, Public Perception, Educational Level. Introduction Climate Change, its Impacts and the Global Response Climate change is viewed by natural scientists as perhaps the preeminent environmental risk confronting the world in the 21st century (Leiserowitz, 2007) and the most debated environmental issue in the political ecology field in the last two decades (Whitanage, et al., 2009). The key source of global warming is generally viewed as being an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, with resulting greenhouse effect (Yadollahie, 2010). There is much scientific proof of occurrence of considerable global warming, and recent warming, which has already brought alterations in the earths climate, can be attributed to human activities, according to the Royal Society (2005). The undeniable responsibility of human activities in this matter has since 1992 been expressed by the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) when defining climate change as a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the globa l atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCCC, 1992). This analysis is supported by Rosenzweig, et al., (2007) who claim that the consistency of observed significant changes in physical and biological systems and observed significant warming across the globe very likely cannot be explained entirely by natural variability or other confounding non-climate factors. The Royal Society (2005) emphasizes that though projected climate changes will generate both favourable and adverse effects in various sectors ranging from agriculture to human health, larger and faster the changes in climate, the more likely it is that adverse effects will dominate. Along the same line, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides scientific evidence of strong effects of recent climate change on many aspects of both natural and managed systems, with consequent changes in several areas including coastal zones (Rosenzweig, et al., 2007). The IPCC (2007) further explains that projected changes will be in climate variables such as precipitation, temperature, sea level and concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and emphasizes that impacts of those changes would be felt mainly on coastal systems and low-lying areas, health, freshwater resources and their management, ecosystems, industry, settlement and society, food, fibre and forest products (IPCC. , 2007). Signed in 1992 by virtually all nations of the world as a response to the issue that increase the levels of greenhouse gases are being caused by human activities, the UNFCCC treaty is referred to as being the first agreement to address climate change, with commitments to establish national action plans for voluntary reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to agreed levels, as a start to global warming mitigation (Fletcher and Parker, 2007). Due to the fact that several countries were not being able to reduce their gas emissions, the parties to the UNFCCC treaty moved from voluntary measures to the Kyoto protocol, which establishes legally binding, mandatory emissions reductions (Fletcher Parker, 2007), relevant to 38 developed countries listed in the protocol as Annex 1. The Kyoto protocol, which has been agreed to towards the end of 1997 and has entered into force in February 2005, has been signed and ratified by 187 nations as at November 2009 (UNFCCC, 2009), including more than six ty percent of the developed countries listed at its Annex 1. Those developed countries that have ratified the treaty are bound to implement national measures to lessen their greenhouse gas emissions in addition to making use of three market-based mechanisms introduced in the Kyoto protocol, namely, International Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, and Joint Implementation (Bashmakov, et al., 2001). International Emissions Trading implies that signatory Annex 1 countries can trade part of agreed emission quotas among themselves, while in the Clean Development Mechanism, Annex 1 countries can help develop reduced emissions projects within Non Annex 1 countries, explicitly developing countries, to help them attain sustainable development and in return, the helping countries beneficiate from the so generated certified emission reductions. With regard to Joint Implementation, Annex I countries can help to implement reduced emissions project in another Annex I country and thus receive emission reduction units, which can be used by the investor countries to attain the required limitation of emissions (Bashmakov, et al.2001). The Kyoto protocol is seen as a political and a technical failure as well as a symbolically important expression of concern about climate change (Prins and Rayner, 2008), and since the Kyoto Protocol regime expires in 2012, there might be in their point of view only a slender window of opportunity to radically rethink our objectives and operations (Prins Rayner, 2007). Further to the end of the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the latest Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC held in Copenhagen, Denmark in December 2009, included on its agenda a discussion on an international climate agreement, with the Copenhagen Accord as outcome. Though consensus has not been reached at that Copenhagen Summit or COP15, with the Accord being finally not adopted, it is believed that only the future will tell whether that Accord would evolve into a subsequent agreement or arrangement that is sufficiently robust to motivate meaningful action on climate change (Stavins Stowe, 2010). The ab ove cited view is nevertheless not shared by Yadollahie (2010) as he deems the result of the Copenhagen Summit to be disappointing, believing that no significant step has been made, and considers that the whole world now looks forward to the new COP to be held in Mexico at the end of 2010. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources There are a good deal of scientific records and climate projections to prove the elevated risk of vulnerable water resources being harshly impacted by climate change, with considerable resulting effects. The researchers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) go further stating that the negative impacts, such as salinisation of coastal aquifers, droughts and floods affecting water quality and exacerbating water pollution, are expected to outweigh the benefits (Bates, et al., 2008). The Need for Adaptation To fight climate change, the UNFCCC (1992) recommends mitigation, with measures to lessen human activities that generate green house gases, and adaptation, which tries to reduce vulnerability to impacts of climate change. Mitigation only is insufficient and thus adaptation is essential given that even if action is being taken now to considerably reduce greenhouse gases, the climate system generally reacts slowly to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, with further changes in climate being consequently unavoidable (Royalsociety.org, 2005). Stavins and Stowe (2010) highlight the introduction in the Copenhagen Accord of the necessity for developed countries to provide financial and other resources to support adaptation actions in least developed countries, including small islands. Concerning adaptation in regard to the water resources, an integrated water resources management, though still in its early years, is recommended by Bates et al.(2008) as a tool in seeking adaptation measures, subject to reshaping planning processes and the inclusion of the societys views as some of the strategies to ensure implementation success. Climate Change and SIDS Small island developing States (SIDS), of which Mauritius is a member, have numerous problems and specific characteristics that increase their vulnerability, resulting in a situation where adverse effects of climate change and sea-level rise represent the most immediate threats regarding sustainable development (UNDP, 2009). Mauritius is about to experience substantial economic loss, humanitarian stresses and environmental degradation due to climate change impacts such as sea-level rise, increasing temperatures, an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones and increasingly variable rainfall (UNDP, n.d.) with important sectors most likely to be affected by climate change impacts being coastal resources, agriculture, water resources, fisheries, health, biodiversity, land-use change and forestry. Bates, et al (2008) further observe that under most climate change scenarios, water resources in small islands are likely to be seriously compromised. As a reaction to this critical situation which SIDS are facing, a number of adaptation projects are being implemented, the main one being the National adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) executed by UN agencies (Graham, 2007).There are also other projects supported by financial institutions and other development assistance agencies. Adaptation costs are very high and are financed for instance by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund, which is recognized by the UNFCCC (2005) as being One of the principal channels of support for small island developing States (SIDS) in the area of climate change. Some more sources of funding are the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) whereby Adaptation activities to address the adverse effects of climate change have top priority for funding, the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), and The Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol, for financing adaptation projects in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (Graham, 2007). Numerous SIDS have already submitted their NAPA documents to the UNFCCC, wherein the water resources sector is of major importance. Those NAPA documents propose adaptation measures as follows: Improve water harnessing, collection and storage infrastructures by building reservoirs and dams, encouraging use of individual water-saving devices and promoting safe rainwater harvesting through ground catchment and roof catchment systems, Elaboration of decentralized management plans on water production and distribution infrastructures, Elaboration and implementation of legislation and regulation, Design and construction of suitable sewage treatment and disposal systems to safeguard water resources, Establishing modeling maps and an information and monitoring system on water resources, Institutionalization of management system, with the purpose of putting in practice the national politics of the water resources, Reducing leakage in supply systems, Carrying out participatory research on the knowledge of traditional practices of adaptation to the variations of the water cycle. The above list of measures extracted from the UNFCCC database (UNFCCC, 2010a, b, c, d) can be used as a model for proposals of adaptation measures in Mauritius. Regardless of the broad range of adaptation options that could be successfully implemented in the SIDS, some fundamental constraints, categorized by the UNFCCC (2005) in three groups, limit the choices of options and their implementation. These constraints are specifically: insufficient data or information and technical capacity for well-timed and successful adaptation planning, as a starting point for the design of adaptation policies, strategies and programmes; the weakness of current institutions which have to be strengthened for effective implementation of adaptation measures; and insufficient financial resources which will necessitate international assistance with regard to research on less costly adaptation measures (UNFCCC, 2005). Maladaptation, caused by governments underestimating, overestimating or mis-estimating the climate impact (Graham, 2007), is also interpreted as a factor delaying the adaptation process. Climate change, adaptation, and water resources management in Mauritius In Mauritius, the Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities is responsible for implementation of water resources policies, and other organisations operating in the water sector are the Water Resources Unit, the Central Water Authority, the Irrigation Authority and the Waste Water Management Authority, each of them having specific responsibilities defined by existing Mauritian laws regarding water resources (Proag, 2006). The impacts of climate change are already being felt in the island, as evidenced by the recent National Assessment Report prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development when it reveals that meteorological records clearly indicate the increase of average temperatures, rising sea levels, intermittent heavy rainfall causing flash floods and climate variability that deviate from past patterns. (ROM, 2010). Mauritian water resources are vulnerable to climate change impacts, whereby one example is the risk run by boreholes situated near the Mauritian coasts of being contaminated by saltwater intrusion (UNFCCC, 2005). In line with the pledge of the Mauritian Government in its 2010-2015 programme (2010) regarding climate change, the UNDP is currently implementing a two year project under the Africa Adaptation Program (AAP), aiming at integrating and mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the institutional framework, development policy, strategies and plans of the island. An output of the project is the implementation of climate-resilient policies and measures in priority sectors, inclusive of the water sector (UNDP, n.d.). Accordingly, a working group under the chairmanship of the Water Resources Unit has been set up at the level of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, to look into the issue and come up with appropriate policies and measures that integrate climate change adaptation. The Maurice Ile Durable (MID) concept, a national project for sustainable development, also recognizes the negative impact of climate change on our water resources and recommends that the MID i nitiative should serve to increase the preparedness of Mauritius to adapt to climate change as far as possible (UNDP, 2009). Since 2005, several assessments have been conducted to identify appropriate climate change adaptation and mitigation measures which are currently being implemented or in the pipeline (ROM, 2010). The report lists concrete climate related actions that have been or are being taken in the field of : enhancement of climate change and sea level rise monitoring; reduction of GHG emissions through energy efficiency and conservation as well as renewable energy investments; and adaptation projects in the following sectors: Agricultural sector, Commissioning of Midlands Dam for irrigation of the northern plains. Cultivation of drought resistant cultivars and trash blanketing of sugarcane fields. Investment in hydroponics, protected cultures. Improved livestock housing. Coastal zone; Land use change and forestry; and Water resources sector: a. An integrated plan for water resources development up to year 2040 has been prepared. b. Surface water storage has been increased and new projects in pipeline include construction of dams at Bagatelle and Rivià ¨re des Anguilles. c. Existing storage dams and feeder/irrigation canals have been rehabilitated to minimize seepage losses. d. Capacity of potable water treatment plants has been extended. Ongoing public awareness campaigns on water saving. The report also highlights the emphasis that the Mauritian Government has laid on sensitization and awareness raising of the general public, through holding of regular sensitization and awareness campaigns for various target groups , as well as the publication of resource materials and broadcasting of regular programmes on television and radio. Apart from the State, non-governmental projects are also carried out, such as one project funded by GEF Small Grants Programme for period 2005-2006 and carried out by Environmental Protection Conservation Organisation (EPCO) in coastal villages, with the aim of raising awareness about climate change science and working with local community to understand the impact of climate change, to identify vulnerability, prepare and implement adaptation plan (GEF, 2006). The implementation of the above project included a vulnerability assessment exercise in four coastal villages whereby water scarcity was identified as a key element affecting livelihood (World Water Forum, [WWF], 2009). Another aim of the project was to secure better quality and quantity of water in these villages, through education and training, awareness and preparedness as well as community-participation (WWF, 2009).One of the several findings of the project is that the public should be encouraged to change lifestyle so as t o minimize utilization of water (WWF, 2009). Public perception as a tool for effective implementation of adaptation measures Understanding public perception is a key element in raising awareness and motivating behavioral changes in the population (Breton, et al., 2008). Lorenzoni and Pidgeon (2006, cited in Sola, et al., 2008), further insist on the fact that To ignore the values and attitudes of the public when deciding on the management of climate risk may lead to problematic situations. Globally, the study of public perception on climate change is of major importance nowadays. International studies mention that majorities believe that the worlds climate is changing (Poortinga, et al., 2006) and citizens concern for climate change is growing (Leiserowitz, 2007). A study of public perceptions on climate change and adaptation in Sri Lanka even concludes that keeping local communities out of climate business will create unnecessary damage (Whitanage, et al., 2009). At local level, some studies have been carried out involving public perception in the water resources sector. Focusing on the perception of Mauritians towards domestic water as a product of consumption, Sowdagur (2006) finds that a great majority of Mauritians are not willing to pay more and thus recommends that this fact be considered when deciding on water tariff policies. The study carried out by Madhoo (2006) estimates the budgetary impact of higher willingness to pay for residential water and demonstrates that as long as lower prices are allocated to low income groups, it would be politically feasible to charge higher prices, while in his works on awareness of water distribution costs, Proag (2007) concludes that not knowing the basic factors involved in producing and distributing water leads to people having a wrong perception about its cost and value. The role of education in climate change awareness and understanding With regard to environmental education, Potter (2010) believes that it is a critical tool for engaging the public, especially with the recent and strong focus on global warming and climate change. He thus suggests that new and more systemic environmental education legislation might be considered, together with substantive increases in funding for national-level grants, educator training, and research initiatives and broadening the scope of strategic-level conversations to include sectors beyond the education community. A study carried out at the Rice University in USA recommends that although the subject of climate change is cared for by schools solely in classrooms and in a passive manner without related project work, discussions of solutions should be integrated with the science, to provide a broader picture and to prevent students from becoming disengaged and fatalistic (Johnson, 2009). Another study undertaken regarding the role of higher education as change agent for sustainability wraps up by saying that institutions of higher education can be considered a stakeholder group with significant potential influence on society through many different mechanisms ( Stephens et al., 2008). The same stand is adopted in the UK whereby a study performed in September 2008 to assess the current state of knowledge and understanding of the issues faced by the surveying profession with regard to climate change impact reveals that around 50 per cent of graduates considered that there was no, or little reference to the issue sustainability and the effects of climate change in their own programmes. The study concludes that Whilst no one is suggesting that climate change should replace topics in existing syllabuses, based on the scientific evidence, it should be an integral part of any decision related to the built environment in order to achieve social, economic and environmental sustainability.(Dent and Dalton, 2010). Regarding the role of the Hawaiian university with regard to climate change mitigation, a research done in 2008 highlights that Universities are uniquely positioned within the climate change dialogue to act as resources for multi-disciplinary regional and global climate research, provide outstanding public education and outreach with credible and current information, and to serve as models of institutional and behavioral change.(Coffman, 2008). This paper summarises the perception of the working personnel on climate change, focusing on the target populations awareness as well as understanding of the climate change problem and its impacts on local water resources. The study highlights that education level is a key factor influencing the level of awareness and understanding of respondents. The findings of this study may help policy makers to better design more effective adaptation measures specific to safeguarding the islands water resources against climate change impacts and which would be understood by the Mauritian working personnel as well as receive their full support.

the hatchet Essay -- essays research papers

This book is about a boy named Brian Roberson who gets stuck in the wilderness when his plane crash-lands because the pilot has a heart attack. It all started when Brian's parents had a divorce. He was sent away on a plane by his mother because it was summertime when his dad had custody. The parting gift his mother gave him was a hatchet. He wore the hatchet on a belt. When he left on the private little Cessna 406 plane in the copilot's seat he never could imagine how this little trip would change his life. In the airplane he thought a lot about his parents and the secret he kept. The secret was that he knew that his mom was having an affair with another man when she was still married to his father. Brian was thinking this until the pilot interrupted his thoughts and asked him if he has ever been in a copilot's seat before. He answered by saying that he has never been on an airplane. The pilot showed Brian how to fly the airplane by letting him fly for a ! while. A little after Brian finished he was thinking again about his parents when he noticed that the pilot was rubbing his shoulder and jaw. A few minutes later the pilot said to Brian that he was in a lot of pain and he started using the radio to signal for help. He didn't make it long enough to talk and had a massive heart attack. When he had the heart attack he hit the right rudder making the plane swoop right. Brian could not believe what happened. He had an idea to use the radio. But just before the radio transmissi...

Questions on Short-Term Finance

What can managers do to control the cash cycle? What are the tradeoffs In shortening the cash cycle? Know how to calculate: Elements of the cash cycle and the operating cycle Managing the Working Capital Cycle (Chi. L) For what aspects of working capital does financial management have responsibility? What are the two key areas of working capital policy set by financial management? What are the objectives In setting working capital asset policy? What Is the difference between temporary current assets and permanent current assets? In what ways can working capital assets be balanced? What is spontaneous financing of working capital assets?How is the amount to be used determined? What should be considered in choosing between short-term and permanent financing sources for funding working capital assets? What are the tradeoffs? How can the lifetime of assets be matched to the maturity of funding sources (I. E. , what Is a restrictive working capital financing strategy)? How can working cap ital assets be financed more flexibly than with a restrictive strategy? How can they be financed more aggressively? Cash Management (Chi. L & Chi. 2) What is the focus of short-term financial planning? What are the steps of the short-term financial planning process?How are cash collections forecast? How are cash disbursements forecast? What are the elements of a typical cash budget? Why is short-term debt appropriate for covering short-term cash deficits? What are the typical sources of short-term funds? What Is a line of credit? What are the tradeoffs in cash? What is â€Å"cash†? How are borrowing reserves and marketable securities like cash? What is float? What types of float exist? Why do we care about float? How do we deal with float? What tools can we use to manage float? What is a locker arrangement? How do we compare costs and benefits of a locker?How does using a locker help us to manage risk? Elements of a cash budget Float time, float balances; Costs and benefits o f lockers Credit and Inventory Management Managing Accounts Receivable/Setting Credit Policy (Chi. 3) What are the elements of a receivables management program? What are the components of a credit policy? What are the tradeoffs in setting credit policy terms? How does competition affect the optimization of credit policy terms? How can a vendor have a lending cost advantage over other banks and finance companies? Why might a vendor be able to charge a higher price for goods and services by offering reedit?When might a vendor find it necessary to offer credit in order to establish reputation? What are the advantages/disadvantages of open account billing over invoice billing? What factors affect the ideal credit period? What factors determine whether or not credit (early payment) discounts should be offered? What are the five Co's of credit? What tools are used to monitor receivables? How is the impersonal nature of collection agencies both good and bad? In what forms can credit be off ered to customers? How does a firm offering credit to customers finance its own receivables? What is acting of receivables?What are the advantages/disadvantages of factoring? What elements of a credit policy decision can be quantified? How may a change in credit policy affect the costs associated with inventories? How may a change in credit policy affect the costs associated with receivables? In what two ways can projected bad debt losses be affected by a change in credit policy? What are the costs/benefits of offering discounts? Annual percentage costs of credit discounts Costs, benefits, and net benefit of a change in credit policy Break-even probabilities and percentages for a change in credit policy

“Red Badge of Courage” by Stephen Crane Essay

In the â€Å"Red Badge of Courage† Stephen Crane demonstrates the use of naturalism. The novel shows how Henry, a young union soldier, struggles with war and becoming a man. Henry joined the war because he wanted to experience the glory of fighting and winning. While Henry is in the wilderness, Crane uses nature as naturalism and makes nature a model for Henry’s acts. In â€Å"The Red Badge of Courage† there are many themes. One is learning to be a man. At the beginning of the novel Henry is at war with himself. He wants to have glory and be a war hero, but he is afraid that he will flee. He tries to prove to himself that he will not flee in battle. He feels alone because he can’t tell anyone about the doubt he has in order to not be made fun of. Henry decides he will not know whether or not he will run away until he actually gets to battle. When he goes to battle and flees in chapter seven, he throws a pinecone at a squirrel and decides that this was a si gn from nature and that it is only natural for one to run away from danger. Another main theme in this learning the meaning of courage and finding your own. In chapter one there is a flashback of Henry leaving for the Union Army. His mother gives him a speech and tells him no matter what he needs to do the right thing. This gives him a new meaning of the word courage. He learns that having the courage to do the right thing is just as important as having the courage to fight for what you believe in. I think Henry didn’t find his true courage until towards the end of the story. The sun ray coming through the cloud symbolizes Henry’s peace with himself. There are strengths and weaknesses of how Crane develops the theme. For example some strengths are how Crane used imagery to paint a clear picture in the reader’s head, when Henry went back to the battle more of a man, and how Crane’s use of wording showed how Henry’s perspective changes from being afraid to understanding and accepting who he is. A weaknesses Crane has is the grammar of the characters. It tends to be confusing in some parts and I don’t find it reader friendly. On the contrary if he had taken away the awkward grammar it could have taken away from the overall story. Another weakness is the lack of detail in the setting. Naturalism relates to the theme of manhood because Henry was inexperienced and this was probably why he fled from the battle. Henry’s action and the conditions that surround him are consistent with this point of view because of the detailed revelations  of Henry’s thoughts and his wide range of emotions, including fear, joy, doubts, and pride. The point of view is interesting because Crane wasn’t alive when the story took place, nor had he ever been in battle before writing the story. At the beginning of the novel Henry is childish and afraid. He wants a reputation as a fierce warrior but, he is scared. As the story progresses, he learns more about himself and who he wants to be. He discovers that he is fighting for greater things than his reputation. At this point in the book the true Henry Fleming, a brave and courageous man, is revealed. To conclude, â€Å"The Red badge of Courage† is a great book about a young boy becoming a man. I think Crane got his point very well with his use of naturalism and imagery. I believe this book proves that true courage is not being brave, true courage is being terrified, but continuing to go anyways.